{"id":3707,"date":"2025-07-16T14:29:41","date_gmt":"2025-07-16T13:29:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/?p=3707"},"modified":"2025-07-24T09:23:10","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T08:23:10","slug":"guest-blog-the-discovery-of-mogao-caves-by-aurel-stein-and-a-hungarian-expedition-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/guest-blog-the-discovery-of-mogao-caves-by-aurel-stein-and-a-hungarian-expedition-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Guest Blog: The Discovery of Mogao Caves by Aurel Stein and a Hungarian Expedition (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

This is the second of two guest blogs on Sir Marc Aurel Stein, the Hungarian-born, British archaeologist. You can read the first blog post here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author, Dr Li Changlu (Beijing International Studies University), is a visiting scholar<\/em> at HAPP for 2024\/25.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The first glance of Aurel Stein in Mogao Caves<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

On 11th<\/sup> February 1907, Aurel Stein left Kashi, Xinjiang, and continued his journey east in China.1<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The city of Dunhuang played a strategic and logistically important role within the Silk Road network. Lying in an oasis at the edge of the Taklamakan Desert, Dunhuang was one of the first trading cities merchants encountered, arriving in China from the West. The famous Mogao Caves, in the cliffs to the south of the city, are over 1600 meters long and are divided into two areas, North and South.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The 492 numbered caves have a total of more than 45,000 square meters of murals, more than 3,000 coloured sculptures, and five Tang and Song Dynasty wooden cave eaves. These cultural relics reflect the high level of exquisite art in ancient China and the history of the development of painting and sculpture art of the relevant era. The relics also provide visual materials on the development and evolution of ancient religious beliefs, ideas, political struggles, ethnic relations, Sino-foreign exchanges, social life, folk customs, production technology, architecture, clothing, laws and regulations in China, especially in Hexi and Dunhuang areas to varying degrees. They have precious artistic, historical and archaeological value, and are the largest existing Buddhist cave group in the world, with the longest continuous construction time and the richest content.2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aurel Stein\u2019s first discovery in Dunhuang was during his excavation from 12th<\/sup> to 22nd <\/sup>March. In Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in central Asia and Westernmost Khotan (Volume 4),<\/em> we can find the collections of Mogao Caves gathered by Stein during his first trip in Dunhuang.3<\/a><\/sup> Obviously, there were more cultural relics in the caves when Stein arrived there than today. The discovery of Mogao Caves made Stein famous, but foremost after his discovery more European adventurers arrived there; and the fate of cultural treasures that had been sealed for thousands of years in the desert also dramatically changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While people marvel at the academic value on the research of the Mogao Caves, few people admire Stein’s \u2018luck\u2019. It seemed as if his discovery in Mogao Caves was a miracle, as he knew nothing about Chinese and had never been to China before. When many people believed that Stein was the first European to discover the Mogao Caves, they were probably too confident in Stein’s fate. Did destiny lead Stein to Dunhuang, or did someone \u2018under the guide of destiny\u2019?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government<\/em> by Sir Aurel Stein (1921), p. 795<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Serindia<\/em>, p. 520<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The East Asian expedition of Count B\u00e9la Sz\u00e9cheny in Duhuang<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the late Qing period, some other Hungarian travelers and scholars played a significant role in the research of the geographical, geological, ethnological, zoological and botanical knowledge of China. A major achievement in this vein was the East Asian expedition of Count B\u00e9la Sz\u00e9chenyi (1837-1908). The three scholarly members of the expedition were Austrian cartographer lieutenant Guszt\u00e1v Kreitner (1847-1893), the linguist G\u00e1bor B\u00e1lint (1844-1913) who, however, was forced leave the expedition due to illness, and the geologist and geographer Lajos L\u00f3czy (1849-1920). L\u00f3czy played the main role in fieldwork,4<\/a><\/sup> and the most important scholarly results of the expedition concerning the geomorphology and paleontology Western China are linked to his name.5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Count B\u00e9la Sz\u00e9chenyi\u2019s expedition started from Trieste in December, 1877. The expense of the expedition totally came from the pocket of Count B\u00e9la Sz\u00e9chenyi, was fully sponsored by him. At the beginning of 1878, Count Sz\u00e9cheny’s expedition arrived in India and spent almost 6 months traveling before reaching Java Island. From Java the expedition continued by boat to Guandong province on the South China Sea coast to continue by road to the North West of China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Actually, Dunhuang was the most westerly town that Count Sz\u00e9chenyi\u2019s expedition reached within China. They were the first European expedition to discover the Mogao Caves and L\u00f3czy noted it as the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cNear Tun-huang-hszien [Dunhuang xian] the Csing-fu-sz [Qianfosi] caves are famous. About 24 km from the town in a southern or south-easterly direction stand bare granite mountains, and at their northern foot are horizontal layers of gravel conglomerate covered by wind-blown sand with a valley cutting into them. On the vertical western wall, at a length of 2 km on three levels, are hundreds of cave openings in dense succession. Among them two giant Buddha figures are cut out from the rock, one 20, the other at least 35-40 meters high. The narrow entrances of the caves lead into spacious rectangular chambers that remind one of Elefanta [Elephanta] in Bombay and the caves of the island of Salzette [Salsette]. The walls are covered with paintings mostly showing scenes from the Buddha’s life. The figures of women are painted with taste, and around the heads of the figures are haloes like those of Christian saints. There are clay statues in the bigger caves and in front of them altars with vessels of fresh water and fragrant incense burners and next to them a big copper plate and a drum to make the pilgrims’ prayers sound louder . . .\u201d6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

These murals reflect the original image of Buddhism, when it was introduced to China thousands of years ago. At the same time, they bear witness to the glorious history of Dunhuang as an important post station on the Silk Road.7<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cIn front of the caves there are several Chinese temples; These are being elaborately restored by the wealthy Chinese, who also have had the clay statues of the caves repaired. More over instead of the fine old frescoes they are having new ones painted which appeal to them. At the time of our visit only two Buddhist monks were guarding the caves and performing the prescribed rituals in front of the undamaged Buddha figures. I also saw two sleeping Buddhas in the caves, over whose slumbers the most varied types of figures rejoiced and gave thanks.\u201d8<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Serindia<\/em>, p. 814<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Serindia<\/em>, p. 797<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Serindia<\/em>, p. 804<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
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It is worth noting that when Count Sz\u00e9cheny’s expedition arrived in Dunhuang (almost 30 years earlier than Stein), although the Qing government was already in danger, some Qing Dynasty officials still took responsibility for the safety of the caves. However, when Stein arrived there in 1907, the Qing government no longer had the means to care about these treasures in the desert.9<\/a><\/sup> As Count Sz\u00e9cheny’s expedition described, when they arrived at Dunhuang, some rich Chinese were focused on restoring and repairing the precious treasures in the Caves. In contrast, when Aurel Stein arrived at Dunhuang 28 years later, just Taoist Wang Yuanlu guarded the increasingly dilapidated Cave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cSand blown by the west wind has covered the inside of most caves, in the past however they must have been covered even more deeply judging by the old sand layer lines. There are at least 1000 caves here and the number of figures in them must be over 10,000. Everything points to the possibility that the idols and caves of Csing-fu-sz[Qianfosi] were made according to the plans of Indian Buddhist priests or missionaries, at any rate the old figures bear no relationship to the Chinese Buddhist traditions found in the provinces of Central China. According to the priests, the caves were built during the Han dynasty, hence at the time when Buddhism was first brought to China. This agrees with the information from Chinese history that Sacsou [Shazhou] was an important place from the Han dynasty onwards. The present day colony was founded by Kien-lung [Qianlong (1736-1796)] on the right bank of the river Tan-ho [Danghe], over which a bridge leads to the ruins of Sacsou. On the fringes of the Gobi Desert out of all the towns of Kanszuh those in the surroundings of Tun-huang-hszien are the most flourishing and most populous. In the past the area was even more important, when the above mentioned [northern and southern] routes terminated here and the silk trade followed this route towards Khotan to Persia and towards Khamil [Hami], the town of the Uighurs\u2026\u201d10<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

It is undeniable that the elements of Han Culture in these Buddhist murals are the concrete embodiment of the exchange and integration of China Central Plain Culture (Zhongyuan Culture) in civilization and foreign cultures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Count Sz\u00e9chenyi\u2019s expedition could not remain longer in situ,<\/em> because the foodstuff started to be short of supply, and so it went to Suzhou. After visiting the caves, they went back to Suzhou. On 26th<\/sup> April 1880, after the 27 months expedition in China, the Hungarian set out for home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although most Chinese think Aurel Stein was the first foreigner to discover the Caves, in reality, Count Sz\u00e9cheny’s expedition passed through Dunhuang and noted the murals and artifacts 28 years before Stein\u2019s visit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ancient fort T. XIV, at ‘Jade Gate’ of Tun-Huang Limes, with gate through west wall. From Serindia<\/em>, p. 685<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Ancient watch-tower T. XII, Tun Huang Limes, seen from north-west. From Serindia<\/em>, p. 685<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Ancient fort T. XIV, at ‘Jade Gate’ of Tun-Huang Limes, seen from north-east. From Serindia<\/em>, p. 685<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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North-west corner of enclosure of Ancient Magazine T. XVIII, Tun-Huang Limes, with refuse heap in course of clearing. From Serindia<\/em>, p. 685<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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How Lajos L\u00f3czy drew Aurel Stein to Mogao Caves<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

After the first discovery of the Mogao Caves, Aurel Stein became well-known in Western academic circles. However, he did not attribute to himself the Mogao Caves discovering; Stein honestly acknowledged that it was with the guidance of a Hungarian geologist, paleontologist, and explorer, Lajos L\u00f3czy, that he was able to successfully reach Dunhuang and complete his first exploration. As we can see, he paid tribute to L\u00f3czy several times in Serindia<\/em>, for example,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cI must regret that, owing to the death of Professor L. De L\u00f3czy and the conditions arising from the war, it has not been possible to make accessible here the results of the analysis of the sand samples and other geological specimens collected by me which that eminent authority on the geology of westernmost China had undertaken and in part carried out. It was he who first directed my attention to the art remains of the \u2018Thousand Buddhas\u2019, which he had visited in 1879, and the guidance thus afforded I have ample reason to preserve in grateful memory.\u201d11<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In 1902, the International Conference of Orientalists was organised in Hamburg, Germany. Lajos L\u00f3czy gave a speech about Count Sz\u00e9chenyi\u2019s expedition in China and also mentioned the discovery of the Dunhuang Caves. Aurel Stein was also in attendance, and his attention was drawn to the mysteries of the caves.12<\/a><\/sup> Spurred by L\u00f3czy and allured by the beauty of the Mogao Caves\u2019 picture, this young Hungarian, naturalized British, started his expedition to Dunhuang in 1907, which was funded by the Government of India (60%) and the British Museum (40%).13<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

As for why Stein received the trust and help from L\u00f3czy, besides Stein\u2019s academic ability and experience, and the same Hungarian roots between them, there is another factor not easily ignored. The Arabist Ignaz Goldziher, a friend of Aurel Stein\u2019s uncle, Prof. Ignaz Hirschler Stein, who supported Stein\u2019s studies and life after Stein\u2019s father died, was a close friend of Lajos L\u00f3czy. From the letters between Ignaz Goldziher and Lajos L\u00f3czy we know the friendship between those two could have had some influence on the people close to them.14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unfortunately, in the aftermath of World War One, Hungary experienced the growth of antisemitism, and in this context we need to understand the end of a long-lasting friendship between Ignaz Goldziher and L\u00f3czy Lajos.15<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Dr. Changlu Li (Beijing International Studies University, project name \u2018Hungarian core cultural trade research\u2019, project number \u2018KYZX23A002\u2019)is a visiting scholar at HAPP for 2024\/2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  1. M. Aurel Stein, Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government (volume II) <\/em>(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), p.449. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  2. \u6566\u714c\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08Dunhuang Academy\uff09, \u6566\u714c\u7b80\u4ecb<\/em>\uff08Introduction to Mogao Caves\uff09,<\/em>https:\/\/www.dha.ac.cn\/info\/1425\/3659.htm#<\/a> ( 2025.05.20) \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  3. M. Aurel Stein, Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government (volume II),<\/em> p.578. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  4. L\u00f3czy Lajos, Gr\u00f3f Sz\u00e9chenyi B\u00e9la eml\u00e9kezete <\/em>(The memory of Count B\u00e9la Sz\u00e9chenyi) (Budapest: Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia, 1923), p.13. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  5. Dr. Kubassek J\u00e1nos, Jeles Vil\u00e1gj\u00e1r\u00f3k nyomdokain <\/em>(In the footsteps of illustrious world travelers) (Pusztaz\u00e1mor: D\u00e9nes Natur M\u0171hely Kiad\u00f3,1998), p.171. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  6. The English description comes from Lilla Russell-Smith, \u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\u201d, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society<\/em> III<\/em>, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Nov., 2000), p.353. The original Hungarian description comes from Lajos L\u00f3czy, Kh\u00ednai Birodalom Term\u00e9szeti Viszonyainak orsz\u00e1gainak le\u00edr\u00e1sa<\/em> p.495-496. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  7. The British Museum, Exploring the Silk Roads<\/em>, https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/china\/exploring-silk-roads<\/a> (2025.06.09) \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  8. Lilla Russell-Smith, \u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\u201d, p.354. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  9. \u5317\u4eac\u8bed\u8a00\u5927\u5b66\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\uff08Beijing Language and Culture University\u2019s News Website\uff09\uff0c\u56de\u987e\u6566\u714c\u767e\u5e74\u4e4b\u52ab\uff08Looking back at Dunhuang\u2019s century-long catastrophe\uff09<\/em>\uff0chttps:\/\/news.blcu.edu.cn\/info\/1024\/10230.htm<\/a>(2025.06.09)
    \u4e2d\u56fd\u6566\u714c\u77f3\u7a9f\u4fdd\u62a4\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08China Dunhuang Grottoes Conservation Research Foundation), \u738b\u5706\u7b93\u4e0e\u6566\u714c\u85cf\u7ecf\u6d1e\u7684\u610f\u5916\u6536 (Wang Yuanlu and the unexpected discovery of Dunhuang Caves)<\/em>, https:\/\/www.dhafund.cn\/cms\/whhy\/281.html\uff082025.06.09\uff09     \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  10. Lilla Russell-Smith, \u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\u201d, p.354. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  11. M. Aurel Stein, Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government (volume II),<\/em> p.XIX. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  12. Lilla Russell-Smith, \u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\u201d, pp.344-345. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  13. The British Museum, Exploring the Silk Road<\/em> <\/ins>https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/china\/exploring-silk-roads\uff082025.06.09<\/a>) \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  14. Tur\u00e1n Tam\u00e1s, \u201c\u201eA tudom\u00e1nynak nincs haz\u00e1ja, de a tud\u00f3snak van haz\u00e1ja\u201d: Goldziher Ign\u00e1c 1919-ben\u201d (“Science has no homeland, but the scientist has one”: Ign\u00e1c Goldziher in 1919), Regio-Minorities, Politics, Society<\/em>, (2024), pp.193-222. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  15. Lajos L\u00f3czy maintained his opinion on Jews in general, and expressed his incomprehension and regret that his \u201chigh esteemed friend\u201d -Ignaz Goldziher, who misunderstood L\u00f3czy\u2019s speech. Kinga D\u00e9v\u00e9nyi, \u201cFrom Algiers to Budapest : the letters of Mohamed Ben Cheneb to Ignaz Goldziher\u201d, The Arabist Budapest Studies in Arabic<\/em>, Vol.39(2018), p.12. \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n
    \n
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    Serindia<\/em>, Title Page<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    This is the second of two guest blogs on Sir Marc Aurel Stein, the Hungarian-born, British archaeologist. You can read<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":529,"featured_media":3718,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"10404052-267f-49d3-baf9-d69b80d0527a\",\"content\":\"M. Aurel Stein, Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government (volume II) <\\\/em>(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), p.449.\"},{\"id\":\"4ab433c7-f74b-43b2-8375-de1c84076667\",\"content\":\"\\u6566\\u714c\\u7814\\u7a76\\u9662\\uff08Dunhuang Academy\\uff09, \\u6566\\u714c\\u7b80\\u4ecb<\\\/em>\\uff08Introduction to Mogao Caves\\uff09,<\\\/em>https:\\\/\\\/www.dha.ac.cn\\\/info\\\/1425\\\/3659.htm#<\\\/a> ( 2025.05.20)\"},{\"id\":\"70a75a9e-5afc-455c-9de6-25505bc28c7c\",\"content\":\"M. Aurel Stein, Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government (volume II),<\\\/em> p.578.\"},{\"id\":\"2d3456be-de25-464f-aba5-69f38618e8fa\",\"content\":\"L\\u00f3czy Lajos, Gr\\u00f3f Sz\\u00e9chenyi B\\u00e9la eml\\u00e9kezete <\\\/em>(The memory of Count B\\u00e9la Sz\\u00e9chenyi) (Budapest: Magyar Tudom\\u00e1nyos Akad\\u00e9mia, 1923), p.13.\"},{\"id\":\"6f42a21a-28f7-4fe7-953b-cf52f257d703\",\"content\":\"Dr. Kubassek J\\u00e1nos, Jeles Vil\\u00e1gj\\u00e1r\\u00f3k nyomdokain <\\\/em>(In the footsteps of illustrious world travelers) (Pusztaz\\u00e1mor: D\\u00e9nes Natur M\\u0171hely Kiad\\u00f3,1998), p.171.\"},{\"id\":\"5238ce40-a70a-44e2-8956-8f51439ebad0\",\"content\":\"The English description comes from Lilla Russell-Smith, \\u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\\u201d, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society<\\\/em> III<\\\/em>, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Nov., 2000), p.353. The original Hungarian description comes from Lajos L\\u00f3czy, Kh\\u00ednai Birodalom Term\\u00e9szeti Viszonyainak orsz\\u00e1gainak le\\u00edr\\u00e1sa<\\\/em> p.495-496.\"},{\"id\":\"f81ecf86-6bbe-4035-b174-8801062856b9\",\"content\":\"The British Museum, Exploring the Silk Roads<\\\/em>, https:\\\/\\\/www.britishmuseum.org\\\/collection\\\/china\\\/exploring-silk-roads<\\\/a> (2025.06.09)\"},{\"id\":\"5cbe2c02-24c6-426a-bda9-6e7bd7987d97\",\"content\":\"Lilla Russell-Smith, \\u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\\u201d, p.354.\"},{\"id\":\"0273bdc0-33cf-4069-8cf2-dbeb6f6e3e94\",\"content\":\"\\u5317\\u4eac\\u8bed\\u8a00\\u5927\\u5b66\\u65b0\\u95fb\\u7f51\\uff08Beijing Language and Culture University\\u2019s News Website\\uff09\\uff0c\\u56de\\u987e\\u6566\\u714c\\u767e\\u5e74\\u4e4b\\u52ab\\uff08Looking back at Dunhuang\\u2019s century-long catastrophe\\uff09<\\\/em>\\uff0chttps:\\\/\\\/news.blcu.edu.cn\\\/info\\\/1024\\\/10230.htm<\\\/a>(2025.06.09)
    \\u4e2d\\u56fd\\u6566\\u714c\\u77f3\\u7a9f\\u4fdd\\u62a4\\u7814\\u7a76\\u57fa\\u91d1\\u4f1a\\uff08China Dunhuang Grottoes Conservation Research Foundation), \\u738b\\u5706\\u7b93\\u4e0e\\u6566\\u714c\\u85cf\\u7ecf\\u6d1e\\u7684\\u610f\\u5916\\u6536 (Wang Yuanlu and the unexpected discovery of Dunhuang Caves)<\\\/em>, https:\\\/\\\/www.dhafund.cn\\\/cms\\\/whhy\\\/281.html\\uff082025.06.09\\uff09\"},{\"id\":\"9063bc28-15ce-4a82-be27-9c31cf13138d\",\"content\":\"Lilla Russell-Smith, \\u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\\u201d, p.354.\"},{\"id\":\"633432eb-dea3-4e3f-aa7d-37b8fddecb43\",\"content\":\"M. Aurel Stein, Serindia: detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China carried out and described under the orders of H. M. Indian government (volume II),<\\\/em> p.XIX.\"},{\"id\":\"0f1bf75a-8861-4718-9826-56d61cfb2e50\",\"content\":\"Lilla Russell-Smith, \\u201cHungarian Explorers in Dunhuang\\u201d, pp.344-345.\"},{\"id\":\"1755b6e8-1e91-4d50-ac43-be9ab192c58a\",\"content\":\"The British Museum, Exploring the Silk Road<\\\/em> <\\\/ins>    https:\\\/\\\/www.britishmuseum.org\\\/collection\\\/china\\\/exploring-silk-roads\\uff082025.06.09<\\\/a>)\"},{\"id\":\"acdeeeac-2122-49e8-ba92-722bfb3ab22f\",\"content\":\"Tur\\u00e1n Tam\\u00e1s, \\u201c\\u201eA tudom\\u00e1nynak nincs haz\\u00e1ja, de a tud\\u00f3snak van haz\\u00e1ja\\u201d: Goldziher Ign\\u00e1c 1919-ben\\u201d (\\\"Science has no homeland, but the scientist has one\\\": Ign\\u00e1c Goldziher in 1919), Regio-Minorities, Politics, Society<\\\/em>, (2024), pp.193-222.\"},{\"id\":\"d3b3748f-9c95-4e16-a2f1-4a333273ae79\",\"content\":\"Lajos L\\u00f3czy maintained his opinion on Jews in general, and expressed his incomprehension and regret that his \\u201chigh esteemed friend\\u201d -Ignaz Goldziher, who misunderstood L\\u00f3czy\\u2019s speech. Kinga D\\u00e9v\\u00e9nyi, \\u201cFrom Algiers to Budapest : the letters of Mohamed Ben Cheneb to Ignaz Goldziher\\u201d, The Arabist Budapest Studies in Arabic<\\\/em>, Vol.39(2018), p.12.\"}]","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[265,8,268,264,267,263],"class_list":["post-3707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorised","tag-buddhism","tag-china","tag-mogao-caves","tag-murals","tag-silk-road","tag-sir-aurel-stein"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2025\/06\/Serindia-p.-797195-1-scaled.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pa8s7J-XN","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/529"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3707"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3747,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3707\/revisions\/3747"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3718"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/specialcollections\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}