{"id":1684,"date":"2023-11-14T13:06:36","date_gmt":"2023-11-14T13:06:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/?p=1684"},"modified":"2023-11-14T13:07:35","modified_gmt":"2023-11-14T13:07:35","slug":"nick-drnasos-sabrina-fed-up-violence-and-why-we-just-cant-look-away","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/2023\/11\/14\/nick-drnasos-sabrina-fed-up-violence-and-why-we-just-cant-look-away\/","title":{"rendered":"Nick Drnaso&#8217;s Sabrina, F***ed-Up Violence, and Why We Just Can&#8217;t Look Away"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>But between these posts, something catches your eye: a video of grotesque violence that rocks you to your very core. <\/p><p>Yet, you can\u2019t look away.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Sabrina-Nick-Drnaso\/dp\/1783784903\/ref=asc_df_1783784903\/?tag=googshopuk-21&amp;linkCode=df0&amp;hvadid=310961745507&amp;hvpos=&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvrand=12232383742818753259&amp;hvpone=&amp;hvptwo=&amp;hvqmt=&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvdvcmdl=&amp;hvlocint=&amp;hvlocphy=9045199&amp;hvtargid=pla-462234704545&amp;psc=1&amp;mcid=bfd64e9f67633f999dcf9ed5affa18a6&amp;th=1&amp;psc=1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/11\/sabrina-edited.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1690\" width=\"507\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/sabrina-edited.jpg 813w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/sabrina-edited-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/sabrina-edited-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/sabrina-edited-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Nick Drnaso, <em>Sabrina. <\/em>Cover art sourced from Amazon. Click for link. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Let me set a scene<\/strong>: it\u2019s late and you\u2019re doom-scrolling through social media posts the algorithm has generated for you, ranging from tailor-made advertisements for the \u201csustainable\u201d clothing that was made in an Asian sweatshop, to posts by that girl you sort of know who is now on her fourth holiday this year, yet the retail pay-check doesn\u2019t quite explain how she\u2019s currently sunbathing in Monaco.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>But between these posts, something catches your eye: a video of grotesque violence that rocks you to your very core.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yet, you can\u2019t look away.<\/strong> And before you know it, three minutes and thirty-six seconds have passed, the video has ended, and an advertisement for face cream plays next.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early days of the internet, it was grainy CCTV footage of workplace accidents in which blood is but a smattering of red pixels; perhaps it was terrorist-related violence, the beheading of an individual in their final moments; or perhaps it\u2019s brutal car crashes being turned into internet memes, sick laughter emerging from suffering. Irrespective of whatever format it took, I am certain you have experienced or will experience, such a thing in your modern life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>But why didn\u2019t you look away?<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Nick Drnaso\u2019s&nbsp;<em>Sabrina,&nbsp;<\/em>a chilling graphic novel, perfectly encapsulates this stranglehold violence has on us, aiming to convey the issue our society has with \u201cconsuming\u201d violence, and the emotional numbness this creates, with a The New Yorker article interviewing Drnaso stating that he \u201chas spent many hours in the darker corners of the internet\u201d, alongside a quote from himself that there is \u201ca morbid curiosity in [him]\u201d (Max).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed-handler wp-block-embed-embed-handler wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"604\" height=\"340\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ijKqvAyOzdk?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-GB&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><figcaption>Episode 311: Nick Drnaso, fro, the RiYL Podcast.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>No blood, no grisly details. Just nonchalant descriptions of death.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Within&nbsp;<em>Sabrina,&nbsp;<\/em>Nick Drnaso portrays a world in which, like our own, violence is never far away. The novel details the murder of the titular Sabrina Gallo, and portrays the aftermath of the incident on her boyfriend Teddy, who goes to stay with old friend Calvin, with both men experiencing crises in their lives due to conspiracy theories surrounding Sabrina\u2019s murder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Yet, despite <em>Sabrina&nbsp;<\/em>being a graphic novel, there are no real visuals of violence<\/strong>; instead, we are presented with characters reacting to or discussing it, with these very acts depicted outside of our periphery. Sabrina\u2019s death is never actually described for the reader, not that it really needs to be. Instead, we are informed of her death through third parties, relayed information by journalists who state, \u201cWe just received a tape at our office that appears to show a young woman being murdered\u201d (69). No blood, no grisly details. Just nonchalant descriptions of death.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-left is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cWe just received a tape at our office that appears to show a young woman being murdered\u201d <\/p><cite>Nick drnaso, sabrina. page 69<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In the pages that follow, detectives investigate the scene of the crime, with little dialogue uttered and minimal violence visually portrayed. But what startles most is the depiction of these detectives through Drnaso\u2019s illustrations, the simplistic style mirroring that of workplace training videos, in which they are entirely unphased by what has occurred around them. In some panels, they even appear to have smiles on their faces (Page 72), entirely disaffected by the violence witnessed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1122\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1692\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-300x131.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-1024x449.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-768x336.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-1536x673.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_102329-edited-2048x897.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption>Nick Drnaso, <em>Sabrina<\/em>. Page 72<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Later in the novel, Calvin uses social media to find information on Timmy Yancey, Sabrina\u2019s murderer, with Dsrano illustrating a trending social media page in which Timmy and Sabrina\u2019s names are the first and fourth most trending topics on the platform, respectively, accompanied by other consumable medias such as sports matches and superhero movies. &nbsp;(Page 81)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the panel beside this, however, is a chilling message; an unnamed individual, replying to posts about Timmy with the comment \u201cI NEED to see this\u201d. (Page 81)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/11\/20231114_123833-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_123833-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_123833-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_123833-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_123833-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_123833-2048x1367.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Nick Drnaso, <em>Sabrina. <\/em>Page 81<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-left is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cI NEED to see this\u201d <\/p><cite>Nick drnaso, Sabrina. Page 81<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>What follows is Calvin himself seeking out this video, for what purpose we do not know. We are never shown the video itself, but rather the aftermath, in which Calvin is physically sick. The only description we have is presumably Timmy\u2019s voiceover during the video, in which he states that such violence \u201cis only a means to an end\u201d in a last-ditch attempt to be heard (Page 114).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>But why didn\u2019t Calvin look away?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"651\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/11\/20231114_104004-1024x651.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1694\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_104004-1024x651.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_104004-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_104004-768x488.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_104004-1536x976.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_104004-2048x1302.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Nick Drnaso, <em>Sabrina.<\/em> Page 114.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In research conducted at Trinity College, Simon McCarthy-Jones discusses those who watch such acts of violence, coining them \u201cwhite knucklers\u201d, in that \u201clike adrenaline junkies, they feel intense emotions [\u2026] but they dislike these emotions. They tolerate it because they feel it helps them learn something about how to survive\u201d (McCarthy-Jones). McCarthy-Jones discusses these portrayals of violence as an educational experience, comparing them to the way that \u201c\u2018painful\u2019 cringe comedies may teach us social skills, watching violence may teach us survival skills\u201d (McCarthy-Jones). Therefore, is the viewing of this violence by Calvin an act of morbid curiosity to \u201cstrengthen\u201d himself? In turn, is this our subconscious thought behind why we too can\u2019t look away from such videos?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-right is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;White knucklers&#8230; [are] like adrenaline junkies, they feel intense emotions [&#8230;] but they dislike these emotions. they tolerate it because they feel it helps them learn something about how to survive&#8221;<\/p><cite>Simon mccarthy-jones, trinity college dublin <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>As later events in the novel unfold, the ever-looming presence of violence continues to feel all too real. Yet, Calvin becomes ever-more desensitized, unfazed by the events in the world surrounding him. At work, Calvin and his fellow airmen discuss a domestic terrorist \u201cstream[ing] this video on Facebook, then killed everyone in a daycare centre and himself\u201d (Page 143). Through Drnaso\u2019s art, we see that the airmen, like the detectives, are entirely numb to this violence, eliciting no emotion, despite the personal relevance to Calvin, as his daughter is the same age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Is the viewing of this violence by Calvin an act of morbid curiosity to \u201cstrengthen\u201d himself? In turn, is this our subconscious thought behind why we too can\u2019t look away from such videos?<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>However, what follows next is more chilling \u2013 in the panels that follow, Calvin views a social media trending page, in which this \u201cDenver Massacre\u201d is number one. Although we are left in the unknown as to whether he views the video, his nonchalant question of \u201cCigarette, anyone?\u201d and his psychological evaluation as middle-of-the-road (both Page 144) both perfectly encapsulate the numbness Calvin possesses towards these acts of violence now. Through their readily available proximity online, these videos have erased empathy, disgust and emotion from his character, reflective of wider society at large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"642\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/11\/20231114_110901-1024x642.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1695\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_110901-1024x642.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_110901-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_110901-768x481.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_110901-1536x963.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_110901-2048x1284.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Nick Drnaso, <em>Sabrina. <\/em>Page 144<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Through their readily available proximity online, these videos have erased empathy, disgust and emotion from his character, reflective of wider society at large.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, I suggest that Drnaso\u2019s portrayal of violence is an act of reflection, forcing his readers to question why we watch violence, and why we seek out such videos that are depicted in the novel. In her review of <em>Sabrina<\/em>, Rita D. Jacobs remarks that the \u201cpower of the graphic novel to dissect and examine our cultural moment is indisputable\u201d (Jacobs), supporting the idea what is visually illustrated on the page is equally as crucial as Drnaso\u2019s writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-right is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>&#8220;The murder is incidental to the chilling indictment at the heart of the narrative \u2013 that of what our society has become\u201d <\/p><cite>Rita D. Jacobs, in her review for world literature today <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>However, Jacobs\u2019 claim that \u201cthe murder is incidental to the chilling indictment at the heart of the narrative \u2013 that of what our society has become\u201d (Jacobs) ultimately embodies what I believe to be the most important facet of this novel\u2019s story; it is not a narrative that occupies itself with Sabrina\u2019s death, nor the wider loss of life elsewhere in the novel. Rather, it focuses on the aftermath of such violence, exploring the societal ramifications, and portraying the personal numbness the individual experiences upon viewing and \u201cconsuming\u201d these acts of violence.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/11\/20231114_125530-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1696\" width=\"413\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_125530-768x1025.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_125530-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_125530-1151x1536.jpg 1151w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_125530-1535x2048.jpg 1535w, https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2023\/11\/20231114_125530-scaled.jpg 1919w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px\" \/><figcaption>Nick Drnaso, <em>Sabrina. <\/em>Page 203.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>Bibliography <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Primary Text <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Drnaso, Nick. <em>Sabrina<\/em>. London Granta, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Secondary Texts <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D. Jacobs, Rita. \u201cSabrina by Nick Drnaso.\u201d <em>World Literature Today<\/em>, 2018, www.worldliteraturetoday.org\/2018\/november\/sabrina-nick-drnaso. Accessed 14 Nov. 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Max, D. T. \u201cThe Bleak Brilliance of Nick Drnaso\u2019s Graphic Novels.\u201d <em>The New Yorker<\/em>, 14 Jan. 2019, www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2019\/01\/21\/the-bleak-brilliance-of-nick-drnasos-graphic-novels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McCarthy-Jones, Simon. \u201cFrom Tarantino to Squid Game: Why Do so Many People Enjoy Violence?\u201d <em>The Conversation<\/em>, 28 Oct. 2021, theconversation.com\/from-tarantino-to-squid-game-why-do-so-many-people-enjoy-violence-170251.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roach, Jason, et al. \u201cDealing with the Unthinkable: A Study of the Cognitive and Emotional Stress of Adult and Child Homicide Investigations on Police Investigators.\u201d <em>Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology<\/em>, vol. 32, no. 3, Nov. 2016, pp. 251\u201362, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11896-016-9218-5.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>But between these posts, something catches your eye: a video of grotesque violence that rocks you to your very core. Yet, you can\u2019t look away. Let me set a scene: it\u2019s late and you\u2019re doom-scrolling through social media posts the algorithm has generated for you, ranging from tailor-made advertisements for the \u201csustainable\u201d clothing that was &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/2023\/11\/14\/nick-drnasos-sabrina-fed-up-violence-and-why-we-just-cant-look-away\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Nick Drnaso&#8217;s Sabrina, F***ed-Up Violence, and Why We Just Can&#8217;t Look Away<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1450,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[2,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-academic-blog","category-uncategorised"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p58scM-ra","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1450"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1684"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1684\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1702,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1684\/revisions\/1702"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.qub.ac.uk\/americanists\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}